Simplified message grouping and display

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for simplified message grouping and display are provided. In example embodiments, a plurality of messages are received within a conversation which is accessible by a plurality of client devices. Messages are grouped into different cards based on criteria associated with the cards. During a transition between displaying a first of the cards to a second of the cards, an animation may be displayed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/727,557, filed on Dec. 26, 2019, which is acontinuation of and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/881,415, filed on Jan. 26, 2018, which is a continuation of andclaims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/969,841, filed onDec. 15, 2015, each of which are considered part of this application,and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to communicationtechnologies and, more particularly, but not by way of limitation, tothe simplified display of unread messages within a conversation.

BACKGROUND

Various computing devices including mobile technologies such assmartphones provide the ability for users to send messages betweendevices. Group messaging applications provide a convenient way for usersto keep in touch with others. In various devices, different systems maybe used to manage a potentially large number of messages received by asingle user.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various ones of the appended drawings merely illustrate exampleembodiments of the present disclosure and should not be considered aslimiting its scope.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a networked system, according tosome example embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example embodiment of asimplified viewing system for a user to view messages within aconversation, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative diagram depicting overlaid cards with adisplay order that contain “bite-sized” groups of messages forstreamlined message viewing, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 4 is an example user interface diagram, depicting the display of anoverlaid card on the interface of a client device (e.g., a smartphone),according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 5 is an example flow diagram depicting a method for displayingmessages on a client device.

FIG. 6 is an example flow diagram depicting a method for displaying morethan one overlaid card containing one or more messages on a clientdevice, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 7 is an example flow diagram depicting a mechanism fortransitioning from the display of one overlaid card to another overlaidcard.

FIG. 8 is a data structure diagram illustrating a plurality of messagesthat are stored within a conversation on a client device, according tosome example embodiments.

FIG. 9 is a data architecture diagram illustrating how variousattributes of each message are tracked, according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 10 is a data structure diagram depicting how a list of unreadmessages is created, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a data structure diagram illustrating an example embodimentwhere unread messages are ordered by message timestamp.

FIG. 12 is an example data structure diagram illustrating how unreadmessages are grouped together into message groups.

FIG. 13 is an example data structure diagram depicting how messagegroups are arranged onto overlaid cards to be displayed on a clientdevice in some embodiments.

FIG. 14 is a user interface diagram depicting the display of twooverlaid cards, as well as the mechanism for navigating from oneoverlaid card to another overlaid card, according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 15 is an illustrative diagram depicting an example alternativemessage view (for example, an alternative view that is displayed afterall overlaid cards have already been displayed on the client device).

FIG. 16 is a user interface diagram depicting an example mechanism bywhich the simplified viewing system switches display from an overlaidcard to the alternative view.

FIG. 17 is a user interface diagram depicting the effect of various userinputs on the overlaid card, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 18 is a user interface diagram which depicts the media previewingfunctionality for messages containing media, according to some exampleembodiments.

FIG. 19 is another example user interface diagram depicting a mediapreview generated when a media message is received within aconversation, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 20 is an example interface diagram depicting a fullscreen imageview when images are sent in the same group conversation as other typesof messages, according to some example embodiments.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a softwarearchitecture that may be installed on a machine, according to someexample embodiments.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram presenting a diagrammatic representation of amachine in the form of a computer system within which a set ofinstructions may be executed for causing the machine to perform any ofthe methodologies discussed herein, according to an example embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The description that follows includes systems, methods, techniques,instruction sequences, and computing machine program products thatembody illustrative embodiments of the disclosure. In the followingdescription, for the purposes of explanation, numerous specific detailsare set forth in order to provide an understanding of variousembodiments of the inventive subject matter. It will be evident,however, to those skilled in the art, that embodiments of the inventivesubject matter may be practiced without these specific details. Ingeneral, well-known instruction instances, protocols, structures, andtechniques are not necessarily shown in detail.

In device messaging systems, a user may receive a large number ofmessages when the user participates in a group message through the useof messaging applications (“apps”). When a user has too many unreadmessages to scroll through, this can be frustrating for the user. Thisproblem can arise if a user participating in a conversation has notviewed the conversation for a considerable amount of time. It can be aburden for the user to scroll through a large amount of messages to finda point at which the user last accessed the conversation. Moreover,traditional group messaging feeds display messages in reversechronological order as a user scrolls upwards through messages, which isunintuitive. These problems are enhanced when there are a large numberof users in a conversation, since this often increases the number ofmessages in the conversation. A user may be deterred from participatingin the group conversation if the user has to scroll through tens orhundreds of messages to find out what they missed in the conversation,potentially even causing the user to eventually leave or mute the groupconversation.

Current embodiments contemplate the use of overlaid cards in a stackedformat, each containing one message, a few messages, or a representationof one or more messages, to show the user unread messages in theconversation in a format which is easier for the user to grasp. Anoverlaid card, as referred to herein, is a visual representation of thecontent of one or more messages stored in a memory of a device oraccessible through the use of one or more servers connected to a network(e.g., the Internet). In various embodiments, one or more overlaid cardsare generated by the simplified viewing system for display on a userdevice (e.g., on the screen of the user device). Depending on themessage content which is stored within a memory of a device oraccessible through the use of one or more servers connected to anetwork, the simplified viewing system may display text messages, linkedmedia, geolocation information, image files, video files, or other mediawithin an overlaid card. Moreover, in various embodiments, an overlaidcard is responsive to one or more user inputs. In such embodiments, thesimplified viewing system takes an action interacting with the overlaidcard in response to detecting a user input via an input interface (e.g.,a screen) of a user device. Such actions include, in some embodiments,activating text input methods for a user to respond to the contentwithin the overlaid card, opening linked media within an application orusing another application, navigating from one overlaid card to anotheroverlaid card, and navigating from one overlaid card to a differentportion of the application.

In some embodiments, a simplified viewing system sorts the messages fromearliest timestamp (e.g. a timestamp indicating a time furthest in thepast) to latest timestamp (e.g. a timestamp indicating a most currenttime). This sorting functionality can be used to order the overlaidcards from earliest to latest timestamp. Rather than forcing the user toscroll through a conversation indefinitely, the system displays thefirst overlaid card in the stack containing the earliest unread messageor messages. Moreover, the user can open up the conversation and viewunread messages in the order in which they were actually sent. To remindthe user of their last viewed portion of the conversation, thesimplified viewing system displays one or more of the messages viewed bythe user with the latest message timestamp (or timestamps) at the top ofthe first overlaid card in some embodiments.

In a specific example, a user has twenty-four unread messages in aconversation when the user opens the application to view their messages.Rather than viewing all twenty-four messages at once, the simplifiedviewing system splits the messages into eight message groups. Thesimplified viewing system then displays each message group on its ownoverlaid card, ultimately creating eight overlaid cards. The firstoverlaid card displays four messages, the second overlaid card displaysthree messages, the third overlaid card displays four messages, thefourth overlaid card displays one message, the fifth overlaid carddisplays three messages, the sixth overlaid card displays two messages,the seventh overlaid card displays five messages, and the eighthoverlaid card displays the final two messages. Accordingly, userengagement in the conversation may be increased and user experienceimproved since the user can avoid viewing an overwhelming number ofmessages at once. In various embodiments, navigation from one overlaidcard to another is accomplished through receiving a user input via aninterface of a client device.

Further embodiments also allow for the efficient integration of mediainto overlaid cards for a streamlined viewing experience regardless ofthe message content. In various embodiments, the disclosed systemgenerates a media preview when a message received by a client device isa link (e.g., a Uniform Resource Locator or URL) that links to mediacontent. In some examples, the simplified viewing system generates aminiature media preview and displays the preview in-line with othermessages on a particular overlaid card. In other embodiments, forexample when the system receives a hyperlink sent with no accompanyingtext messages, the system generates a fullscreen media preview anddisplays the preview on its own overlaid card. In yet other embodiments,images sent through the messaging application are displayed asfullscreen overlaid cards as well.

To illustrate these concepts, in a specific example a user receives fivemessages via a messaging application. The first message is a textmessage accompanied by a second message: a link to a location on a map.The third message is an image. The fourth message is a text message, andthe fifth message is a link to an article about a new museum in DowntownLos Angeles. The simplified viewing system creates four overlaid cards.The first overlaid card contains the first text message, along with aselectable miniature preview of the map location contained in the secondmessage. The second overlaid card is a fullscreen view of the image(i.e., the third message or the Snap). The third overlaid card solelycontains the fourth text message. The fifth overlaid card contains afullscreen preview of the article, which includes an image of the newmuseum, the beginning paragraph of the article, and a selectable buttonleading to the webpage hosting the article.

In various embodiments, a user can interact with an overlaid cardthrough the use of various user gestures (e.g., cycling through theoverlaid cards using a swipe gesture detected at a touchscreen displayof the user device). For example, a user views the overlaid carddepicting a fullscreen preview of the link to the article about a newmuseum in Downtown Los Angeles. When the user presses and holds theoverlaid card via the interface of the device (e.g., for four seconds),the overlaid card is saved to the user's image gallery as an image. Whenthe simplified viewing system receives a user gesture indicating a swipeupwards, the system activates a private chat dialog box where therecipient user can contact the user who sent the link. When thesimplified viewing system receives a user gesture indicating a swipedownwards, the overlaid card view closes and the user can view adifferent representation of the conversation (for example, a scrollingview of all messages in the conversation).

FIG. 1 is a network diagram depicting a network system 100 having aclient-server architecture configured for exchanging data over anetwork, according to one embodiment. For example, the network system100 may be a messaging system where clients communicate and exchangedata within the network system 100. The data may pertain to variousfunctions (e.g., sending and receiving text and media communication,determining geolocation, creating groups of messages for display on aclient device, etc.) and aspects (e.g., user inputs associated withnavigation between various overlaid cards depicting messages within aconversation) associated with the network system 100 and its users.Although illustrated herein as client-server architecture, otherembodiments may include other network architectures, such aspeer-to-peer or distributed network environments.

As shown in FIG. 1, the network system 100 includes a social messagingsystem 130. The social messaging system 130 is generally based on athree-tiered architecture, consisting of an interface layer 124, anapplication logic layer 126, and a data layer 128. As is understood byskilled artisans in the relevant computer and Internet-related arts,each module or engine shown in FIG. 1 represents a set of executablesoftware instructions and the corresponding hardware (e.g., memory andprocessor) for executing the instructions. To avoid obscuring theinventive subject matter with unnecessary detail, various functionalmodules and engines that are not germane to conveying an understandingof the inventive subject matter have been omitted from FIG. 1. Ofcourse, additional functional modules and engines may be used with asocial messaging system, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1, tofacilitate additional functionality that is not specifically describedherein. Furthermore, the various functional modules and engines depictedin FIG. 1 may reside on a single server computer, or may be distributedacross several server computers in various arrangements. Moreover,although the social messaging system 130 is depicted in FIG. 1 as athree-tiered architecture, the inventive subject matter is by no meanslimited to such an architecture.

In some embodiments, the social messaging system 130 allows users toexchange ephemeral messages that may or may not include media content.In various embodiments described herein, any messages or conversationsmay be ephemeral messages or ephemeral conversations as part of anephemeral messaging system. An ephemeral message is any message with anassociated deletion trigger set as part of an ephemeral message system.In some embodiments, for example, a text chat message may be set with adeletion trigger for a fixed amount of time after a first user views themessage, or for a fixed amount of time after each user in a groupconversation views the message. In some embodiments, a text ormultimedia message may be set with a deletion trigger associated with anamount of time the content is displayed on a device. In variousembodiments, these deletion triggers may be shared by all recipients, ormay be individualized for different recipients. In other embodiments, adeletion trigger may be set at the beginning of a conversation by a userthat initiates the conversation. In other embodiments, a deletiontrigger may be standardized for each message, and the deletion triggermay or may not be modified by a device sending a message.

As shown in FIG. 1, the interface layer 124 consists of interfacemodule(s) (e.g., a web server) 140, which receive requests from variousclient-computing devices and servers, such as client device(s) 110executing client application(s) 112, and third party server(s) 120executing third party application(s) 122. In response to receivedrequests, the interface module(s) 140 communicate appropriate responsesto requesting devices via a network 104. For example, the interfacemodule(s) 140 can receive requests such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol(HTTP) requests, or other web-based Application Programming interface(API) requests.

The client device(s) 110 can execute conventional web browserapplications or applications (also referred to as “apps”) that have beendeveloped for a specific platform to include any of a wide variety ofmobile computing devices and mobile-specific operating systems (e.g.,IOS™, ANDROID™, WINDOWS® PHONE). In an example, the client device(s) 110are executing the client application(s) 112. The client application(s)112 can provide functionality to present information to a user 106 andcommunicate via the network 104 to exchange information with the socialmessaging system 130. Each of the client device(s) 110 can comprise acomputing device that includes at least a display and communicationcapabilities with the network 104 to access the social messaging system130. The client device(s) 110 comprise, but are not limited to, remotedevices, work stations, computers, general purpose computers, Internetappliances, hand-held devices, wireless devices, portable devices,wearable computers, cellular or mobile phones, personal digitalassistants (PDAs), smart phones, tablets, ultrabooks, netbooks, laptops,desktops, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based or programmableconsumer electronics, game consoles, set-top boxes, network personalcomputers (PCs), mini-computers, and the like. User(s) 106 can be aperson, a machine, or other means of interacting with the clientdevice(s) 110. In some embodiments, the user(s) 106 interact with thesocial messaging system 130 via the client device(s) 110.

As shown in FIG. 1, the data layer 128 has database server(s) 132 thatfacilitate access to information storage repositories or database(s)134. The database(s) 134 are storage devices that store data such asmember profile data, social graph data (e.g., relationships betweenmembers of the social messaging system 130), and other user data.

An individual can register with the social messaging system 130 tobecome a member of the social messaging system 130. Once registered, amember can form social network relationships (e.g., friends, followers,or contacts) on the social messaging system 130 and interact with abroad range of applications provided by the social messaging system 130.

The application logic layer 126 includes various application logicmodule(s) 150, which, in conjunction with the interface module(s) 140,generate various user interfaces with data retrieved from various datasources or data services in the data layer 128. Individual applicationlogic module(s) 150 may be used to implement the functionalityassociated with various applications, services, and features of thesocial messaging system 130. For instance, a social messagingapplication can be implemented with one or more of the application logicmodule(s) 150. The social messaging application provides a messagingmechanism for users of the client device(s) 110 to send and receivemessages that include text and media content such as pictures and video.The client device(s) 110 may access and view the messages from thesocial messaging application for a specified period of time (e.g.,limited or unlimited). In an example, a particular message is accessibleto a message recipient for a predefined duration (e.g., specified by amessage sender) that begins when the particular message is firstaccessed. After the predefined duration elapses, the message is deletedand is no longer accessible to the message recipient. Of course, otherapplications and services may be separately embodied in their ownapplication server module(s) 150.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the social messaging system 130 includes asimplified viewing system 160. In various embodiments, the simplifiedviewing system 160 can be implemented as a standalone system and is notnecessarily included in the social messaging system 130. In someembodiments, the client device(s) 110 include a portion of thesimplified viewing system 160 (e.g., a portion of the simplified viewingsystem 160 included independently or in the client application(s) 112).In embodiments where the client device(s) 110 includes a portion of thesimplified viewing system 160, the client device(s) 110 can work aloneor in conjunction with the portion of the simplified viewing system 160included in a particular application server or included in the socialmessaging system 130. The simplified viewing system 160 provides for astreamlined viewing experience of messages within a conversation (e.g.,a group conversation). The client device(s) 110 receive various messagesthrough the social messaging system 130. The simplified viewing system160 determines the message timestamps and whether or not the messageshave been read by the client device 110, in order to group sets ofmessages into message groups (e.g., groups of one or more messages). Themessage groups are then arranged into overlaid cards, for example,fullscreen views overlaid on the interface of the client device 110containing text messages, embedded media content, images, and othermessages.

A conversation as referred to herein is any set of communications orrecord of a set of conversations stored in a memory of a device, orstored within one or more databases. A conversation includes two or moremessages, with later messages initiated in response to one or moreearlier messages or otherwise associated with earlier messages. Messageswithin a conversation may comprise text, image files, hyperlinks, audiofiles, video files, and other media. A group conversation as referred toherein is a conversation involving three or more users, user accounts,or devices that send or receive any messages of a set of messages in acommunication. A group conversation may also be considered as anyconversation where one or more messages that make up a conversation aresent to two or more recipients.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram 200 of the simplified viewing system 160. Thesimplified viewing system 160 is shown to include a communication module210, a data module 220, an aggregation module 230, an arrangement module240, a presentation module 250, and a media preview module 260. All, orsome, of the modules 210-220 260 communicate with each other, forexample, via a network coupling, shared memory, and the like. Eachmodule of the modules 210-260 can be implemented as a single module,combined into other modules, or further subdivided into multiplemodules. Other modules not pertinent to example embodiments can also beincluded, but are not shown.

The communication module 210 provides various communicationfunctionality. For example, the communication module 210 receives aplurality of messages within a group conversation accessible by one ormore client devices. In a specific example, the communication module 210receives a variety of message content, including text messages, images,embedded links, and the like. The communication module 210 exchangesnetwork communications with the database server(s) 132, the clientdevice(s) 110, and the third party server(s) 120. The informationretrieved by the communication module 210 includes data associated withthe user (e.g., member profile data from an online account or socialnetwork service data) or other data to facilitate the functionalitydescribed herein.

The data module 220 provides various data storage and analysisfunctionality. For example, the data module 220 stores various dataattributes of messages that are received by the communication module210. In various examples, the data module 220 stores a timestamp foreach message received by the communication module 210 and also markseach of the messages as being either read or unread by the user device.In some embodiments, the data module 220 operates on a client devicecontaining a memory and one or more processors, the module executinginstructions within the one or more processors to store various dataattributes of messages. In other embodiments, the data module 220operates on a server. In some example embodiments, the data module 220also stores the type of content contained within each message. Forexample, the data module 220 stores a message type including a link to alocation, an image thumbnail, an image, an audio file, or text. Anycombination of such messages may be part of a conversation as describedherein. Additionally, any such message including a link, an image, anaudio file, or text, or any combination of these may be an ephemeralmessage including an association with a deletion trigger.

The aggregation module 230 provides functionality to group togethermessages that are received, for instance, by the communication module210. For example, the aggregation module 230 groups messages togetherbased on their sender, or based on the timestamp of each respectivemessage. Further examples of grouping methods are described in relationto FIG. 12. In various embodiments, the aggregation module 230 groupsone or more messages within a group conversation into a set of messages.For example, messages which are marked as unread by the data module 220are grouped into sets of messages by the aggregation module 230. Inexample embodiments, aggregation module 230 groups one or more messagesinto a first set of messages, and one or more messages into a second setof messages, ensuring that all messages in the second set havetimestamps later in time than the messages in the first set.

The arrangement module 240 provides functionality to arrange variousmessages onto a preview window. The preview window is an alternativeviewing format which, in various embodiments, improves a user's groupmessaging experience by breaking up a group conversation into chunks ofone or more messages, with each chunk of messages displayed on a singlepreview window. For example, the preview window is depicted on the userinterface of a client device as a stacked card overlaid over the normalgroup message view. In another example, the preview window depicts afullscreen view of an image sent by one of the participants in the groupconversation. Given the messages within each set of messages created bythe aggregation module 230, in various embodiments the arrangementmodule 240 arranges the messages with appropriate spacing, appropriateorientation, and an appropriate font size to allow a user to read unreadmessages efficiently.

The presentation module 250 provides various presentation and userinterface functionality operable to interactively present and receiveinformation to and from the user. For instance, the presentation module250 is utilizable to present one or more preview windows, created by thearrangement module 240, on the user interface of a client device. In oneexample, the presentation module 250 displays a first preview window aswell as a second preview window. In various embodiments, thepresentation module 250 presents or causes presentation of information(e.g., visually displaying information on a screen, acoustic output,haptic feedback). The process of interactively presenting information isintended to include the exchange of information between a particulardevice and the user. The user may provide input to interact with theuser interface in many possible manners, such as alphanumeric, pointbased (e.g., cursor), tactile, or other input (e.g., touch screen,tactile sensor, light sensor, infrared sensor, biometric sensor,microphone, gyroscope, accelerometer, or other sensors). Thepresentation module 250 provides many other user interfaces tofacilitate functionality described herein. The term “presenting” as usedherein is intended to include communicating information or instructionsto a particular device that is operable to perform presentation based onthe communicated information or instructions.

The media preview module 260 allows the simplified viewing system 160 todisplay linked media content efficiently. The media preview module 260,in various embodiments, detects when a message contains linked media andgenerates a preview of the linked media for display on the userinterface of the device. In some instances, the media preview module 260generates a minimized preview to be displayed between other messages ona preview window. In other instances, the media preview module 260generates a fullscreen preview window which predominantly depicts thelinked media on the preview window.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative diagram 300 depicting a stacked card view ofmessages within a conversation implemented through use of the simplifiedviewing system 160. In various embodiments, messages from one or moreusers within a conversation are grouped and the groups of messages aredisplayed on overlaid cards: CARD_0 310, CARD_1 320, and CARD_2 330.Thus, the simplified viewing system 160 helps the user process unreadmessages in a group conversation by displaying the unread messages insmaller groups of messages, rather than the user scrolling upwards tofind where they last viewed the contents of the conversation. In someexample embodiments, the last message marked by the data module 220 asviewed by a user device is displayed at the top of the first card (e.g.,CARD_0 310). In other example embodiments, the last few messages markedas read by the data module 220 (for example, three messages) aredisplayed before the unread messages. In yet other example embodiments,messages marked as read by data module 220 which are received within athreshold amount of time prior to the first unread message are displayedbefore the unread messages (for example, all read messages received upto 30 seconds, one minute, 10 minutes, or any other such threshold priorto the first unread message are displayed before any unread messages onCARD_0 310). Based on a user input 340 (e.g., a particular input gestureof the user) received via an interface of a device (e.g., use inputreceived via a touchscreen input or buttons on the side of a phone), theuser is able to scroll from one card to another card using thesimplified viewing system 160. In various example embodiments, the userinput 340 to transition from one card to another is a swiping gesture(e.g., swiping horizontally). To illustrate these concepts, in aspecific example, the user has six unread messages, which are grouped,classified, allocated, or otherwise distributed into three overlaidcards. In this particular example, the first overlaid card displaysthree messages, the second overlaid card displays two messages, and thelast overlaid card displays one message. In an example, the usertransitions from one overlaid card to the next overlaid card (cyclingthrough groups of messages) by providing user input indicating ahorizontal gesture to the left to transition from the first, to thesecond, and to the third card. The user can swipe in another direction(e.g., horizontally to the right) to transition backwards from thethird, to the second, and to the first card. In some embodiments, whenthe user transitions past the last card in the series through the userinput 340, the social messaging system 150 displays an alternate view ofthe conversation. For example, the alternate view displays all of themessages without splitting them into groups, and displays the messageswith a smaller font size than the stacked card view, in someembodiments.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a user interface diagram 400 depicting thesimplified viewing system 160 is shown. As described in FIG. 2, thepresentation module 250 is operable to display overlaid cards depictingone or more messages on the interface 410 (e.g., displayed on a screen)of the client device 110. In the example depicted in FIG. 4, CARD_0 310is depicted on interface 410, and the interface 410 is receptive to theuser input 340 causing a change in display from the CARD_0 310 toanother overlaid card or an alternative view of the conversation. Insome embodiments, the name of the user sending a message is displayedalongside the message on the CARD_0 310 (e.g., Kyle, Eric, Megan). Inother embodiments, the presentation module 250 displays other messagedata next to each message within the overlaid card including a messagetimestamp, a sender profile picture, an icon depicting a relationshipbetween the message sender and the recipient, an icon depicting themessage sender's emotion or current activity at the time of sending themessage, a message sender's username, means for sending feedback on eachmessage through a user device (e.g., a “Like” button, a “Favorite”button, or a “Dislike” button), a geolocation (e.g., as determined via aGlobal Positioning System or UPS component of the user device) of eachdevice sending a message at the time the message was sent, and othermessage data.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram 500 depicting an example method for displayingmessages via the simplified viewing system 160. At step 510, thecommunication module 210 receives a plurality of messages within aconversation. For example, the client device 110 is in signalcommunication with one or more other devices, and the communicationmodule 210 receives one or more messages through WI-FI®, BLUETOOTH®, 3G,4G, LTE® or another signal communication.

At step 520, the data module 220 determines that one or more messagesare unread by a first client device 110. In various embodiments, thedata module 220 stores an index or a flag to track whether a message isread or unread. For example, an integer value is set at zero and changedto one upon a user viewing the message, or a Boolean value is set atFALSE and changed to TRUE once the message is viewed to keep track ofwhether a message is unread or not.

At step 530, the aggregation module 230 groups the unread messages intoa first set of messages. The first set of messages contains one or moremessages. In some embodiments, the messages are arranged by timestamp(or another temporal indication associated with the messages), while themessages are arranged by user in other embodiments.

At step 540, the arrangement module 240 generates a first overlaid cardby arranging the first set of messages on the card. For example, thearrangement module 240 determines the font, font size, and the color ofthe text to be displayed on the overlaid card. In various embodiments,the arrangement module 240 displays the messages in the first setvertically centered on the interface 410 of the client device 110. Inyet other embodiments, the arrangement module 240 places the messagesslightly above vertical-center on the screen, to account for a user'shand holding a client device 110 such as a phone or a tablet. At step550, the presentation module 250 displays, or causes display of, thefirst overlaid card using an interface (e.g., an interface displayed ona screen) of the first client device 110.

FIG. 6 is an example flow diagram 600 depicting a method for displayingmore than one overlaid card on the client device 110 using thesimplified viewing system 160. At step 610, the data module 220 stores atimestamp for each of the plurality of messages. For example, the datamodule 220 stores a timestamp at which each message is received by theclient device 110. In another example, the data module 220 stores atimestamp at which each message is sent from its originating device oranother instance of time associated with a particular message of themessages. At step 620 (which is similar to step 530 as described in FIG.5), the aggregation module 230 groups messages marked as unread into afirst set of messages.

At step 630, the aggregation module 230 groups unread messages into asecond set of messages, where messages in the second set of messageshave later timestamps than messages in the first set of messages. Insome embodiments, all, or some, messages in the second set of messageshave timestamps later in time than any message in the first set ofmessages. In other embodiments, if the difference between messagetimestamps is less than a threshold amount of time (e.g., all, or some,messages were sent within a span of 30 seconds, one minute, 10 minutes,or any other such threshold), the aggregation module 230 analyzes thecontent of each message to group similar messages into each set ofmessages. For example, messages including similar keywords such as“movie,” “theater,” “showing,” and “ticket” would be placed into thefirst set of messages, while messages with keywords similar to eachother but unrelated to a movie such as “hike,” “shoes,” “miles,” and“trail” would be placed into the second set of messages.

Once the aggregation module 230 groups the messages into a first set anda second set of messages, the arrangement module 240 arranges themessage content into a format suitable for easy viewing on an interfaceof the client device 110. Thus, at step 640 (which is similar to step540 in FIG. 5), the arrangement module 240 generates a first overlaidcard by arranging the first set of messages on the card. At step 650,the arrangement module 240 generates a second overlaid card by arrangingthe second set of messages on the card. At step 660 (which is similar tostep 550 in FIG. 5), the presentation module 250 displays the firstoverlaid card using the interface (e.g., including a screen) of thefirst client device 110. At step 670, the presentation module 250displays the second overlaid card using the interface of the firstclient device 110.

In one example, there are five unread messages in a conversation and allare text messages. The first three messages are grouped into the firstset of messages in step 620 and displayed as the first overlaid card onthe interface 410 of the client device 110 in step 660. Using theaggregation module 230, the last two messages are grouped into thesecond set of messages in step 630 and displayed as the second overlaidcard in step 670, after the first overlaid card has been displayed.

In another example, the messages comprise three unread messages. Thefirst two messages are text messages, and the third message is a link toa movie review. The first two messages are grouped into the first set ofmessages by the aggregation module 230 in step 620. The third message isgrouped into the second set of messages in step 630, where the secondset of messages solely contains the third message. The first twomessages are displayed as the first overlaid card in step 660, and thethird message is displayed as the second overlaid card in step 670. Invarious embodiments responding to the three example messages, the thirdmedia message is displayed in a fullscreen media card, where part of themedia card displays an image associated with the movie review and therest of the media card displays the beginning text of the review, aswell as a selectable link (e.g., a button that says “Go to Review”) inorder to redirect the user to the site hosting the movie review. Forexample, the image representing the movie review is displayed on the topthird of the screen, while the text and the link to the review take upthe bottom two-thirds of the screen.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram 700 depicting an example mechanism by which thesimplified viewing system 160 transitions between displaying variousoverlaid cards. At step 710 (which is similar to step 550, as describedin FIG. 5), the presentation module 250 displays the first overlaid cardusing the interface (e.g., a screen) of the first client device 110. Atstep 720, the simplified viewing system 160 receives a first user inputvia an interface of a device. Once the system receives the first userinput in step 710, the presentation module 250 displays the secondoverlaid card using the interface of the first client device 110 at step730 (similar to step 670, as described in connection with FIG. 6).

FIG. 8 is a data structure diagram 800 depicting the plurality ofmessages which are stored within a conversation on a user device. Asseen in FIG. 8, conversation 810 contains multiple messages: MESSAGE_0812, MESSAGE_1 814, and MESSAGE_2 816, up to MESSAGE_N 818. For example,conversation 810 is a group conversation within a messaging applicationon the client device 110. In various embodiments, messages are sent tothe client device 110 in various formats including text messages,picture messages, audio files, and video files.

Referring now to FIG. 9, an example data architecture 900 is shown. Asdescribed above in connection with FIG. 2, the data module 220 providesfunctionality to store various attributes of messages received by theclient device 110. In the example depicted in FIG. 9, each messagecontains a message status (i.e., read or unread by the client device110), a message timestamp, and a message type (e.g., text, image, video,music, link). Within conversation 810, messages MESSAGE_0 812. MESSAGE_1814, MESSAGE_2 816, up to MESSAGE_N 818 are depicted as described inFIG. 8. MESSAGE_0 812 contains three attributes: STATUS_0 910, TIME_0912, and TYPE_0 914. In the example depicted, MESSAGE_0 812 was read bythe client device 110, has a timestamp indicating a time of 2:20, and isa text message. MESSAGE_1 814 contains three associated attributes:STATUS_1 920, TIME_1 922, and TYPE_1 924. In same example depicted,MESSAGE_1 814 is still unread by the client device, has a timestamp of2:22, and is a text message. MESSAGE_2 816 contains three attributes:STATUS_2 930, TIME_2 932, and TYPE_2 934. In the example depicted,MESSAGE_2 816 is still unread by the client device, has a timestamp of2:23, and is a message containing a link. For example, the link is alink to a webpage, a review of a restaurant, or a location on a mapsapplication. MESSAGE_N 818 contains three attributes: STATUS_N 940,TIME_N 942, and TYPE_N 944. In the example depicted, MESSAGE_2 818 wasread by the client device, has a timestamp of 3:51, and is a textmessage.

FIG. 10 is another data structure diagram 1000 depicting the simplifiedviewing system creating a list of unread messages. As described in FIG.8, conversation 810 contains numerous messages including MESSAGE_0 812,MESSAGE_1 814, and MESSAGE_2 816, up to MESSAGE_N 818. MESSAGE_0 812 hasa STATUS_0 910 and a timestamp TIME_0 912. MESSAGE_1 814 has a STATUS_1920 and a timestamp TIME_1 922. MESSAGE_2 816 has a STATUS_2 930 and atimestamp TIME_2 932. MESSAGE_N 818 has a STATUS_N 940 and a timestampTIME_N 942. As seen in FIG. 10, MESSAGE_0 812 is marked as read, whilethe other messages are marked as unread. Therefore, MESSAGE_0 is notplaced into the list of unread messages 1010. MESSAGE_1 814, MESSAGE_2816, up to MESSAGE_N 818 are marked as unread, so the messages areplaced into the list of unread messages 1010 as UNREAD_MESSAGE_0 1012,UNREAD_MESSAGE_1 1014, and UNREAD_MESSAGE_N 1016, respectively. Thus,the aggregation module 230 is able to use the list of unread message1010 in order to group unread messages into one or more sets ofmessages.

FIG. 11 is a data structure diagram 1100 illustrating an embodimentwhere the simplified viewing system 160 arranges unread messages inorder of timestamp. As described in FIG. 10, the list of unread messages1010 contains unread messages UNREAD_MESSAGE_0 1012 and UNREAD_MESSAGE_11014, up to UNREAD_MESSAGE_N 1016. The unread messages each have atimestamp, depicted as TIME_0 1110 with a value of 2:20, TIME_1 1112with a value of 2:22, and TIME_N 1114 with a value of 3:51. In variousembodiments, timestamps have a precision up to one second or onemillisecond. Moreover, in some embodiments, timestamps are depicted in12-hour notation, while timestamps are depicted in 24-hour notation inother embodiments, in the example data structure diagram 1100,timestamps are depicted as being ordered from earliest timestamp tolatest timestamp. In some embodiments, however, the timestamps areordered from latest timestamp to earliest timestamp.

FIG. 12 is an example data structure diagram 1200 illustrating how theaggregation module 230 groups unread messages together into messagegroups. In the example diagram 1200, the list of unread messages 1010contains six messages: UNREAD_MESSAGE_0 1012, UNREAD_MESSAGE_1 1014,UNREAD_MESSAGE_2 1210, UNREAD_MESSAGE_3 1212, UNREAD_MESSAGE_3 1214, andUNREAD_MESSAGE_4 1216. As shown in the example diagram 1200, the unreadmessages are split into three groups by the aggregation module 230.GROUP_0 1220 contains the first three messages 1012, 1014, and 1210.GROUP_1 1230 contains the next two messages 1212 and 1214. GROUP_2 1240only contains one message 1216. In some example embodiments, messagesare split up according to timestamp. For example, if there is adifference in timestamp over a certain amount of time between twoconsecutive messages, for example a period of time greater than fiveminutes, the later message automatically becomes the first message of anew group. In various embodiments, there is a limit to the amount oftext within each message group. For example, groups are limited to acertain number of messages (e.g., no more than four messages per group),or a certain number of words, or a certain number of characters. In suchembodiments, if adding a subsequent message will cause the message groupto exceed the threshold amount of text, the subsequent messageautomatically becomes the first message of a new message group. In someexample embodiments, not all of the unread messages are placed intomessage groups; instead, only messages marked as highlights are placedinto message groups to display to a user. Messages are marked ashighlights, in various embodiments, according to the number of likes,sender attributes, relationship between the sending user and therecipient user, keywords within the message, length of the message,number of message views, the sending user marking the message asimportant, and the like.

FIG. 13 is an example data structure diagram 1300 depicting how thearrangement module 240 arranges message groups onto overlaid cards. Asdepicted in FIG. 12, a list of unread messages 1010 contains sixmessages: UNREAD_MESSAGE_0 1012, UNREAD_MESSAGE_1 1014, UNREAD_MESSAGE_21210, UNREAD_MESSAGE_3 1212, UNREAD_MESSAGE_3 1214, and UNREAD_MESSAGE_41216. The aggregation module 230 groups the six messages into threegroups. GROUP_0 1220 contains the first three messages: 1012, 1014, and1210. GROUP_1 1230 contains the next two messages: 1212 and 1214.GROUP_2 1240 contains one message: 1216. The arrangement module 240 thenarranges the messages onto separate overlaid cards, where each overlaidcard depicts the messages within one message group. CARD_0 310 displaysthe three messages in GROUP_0 1220, while CARD_1 320 displays the twomessages in GROUP_1 1230 and CARD_2 330 displays the messages in GROUP_21240. Accordingly, the aggregation module 230 splits the list of unreadmessages 1010 into groups and the arrangement module 240 arranges themessages within each group an overlaid card. The overlaid cards are thendisplayed on the interface of a client device 110 to provide for astreamlined viewing experience of a user's unread messages within aconversation.

Referring now to FIG. 14, an example user interface diagram 1400depicting the display of two overlaid cards is shown. On the left ofFIG. 14, CARD_0 310, containing three messages, is displayed on thedevice interface 410 of client device 110. In response to a user input1410, the simplified viewing system 160 transitions from displayingCARD_0 310 to CARD_1 320 on the interface 410 of client device 110. Theuser input 1410 is a horizontal swiping motion in some embodiments. Inother embodiments, user input 1410 can include a vertical swipingmotion, a tapping motion, a double-tapping motion, a diagonal swipingmotion, a press of a button, or other user inputs received throughclient device 110. In various embodiments, the transition from one mediacard to another (e.g., from CARD_0 310 to CARD_1 320) is accompanied byan animation. In some embodiments, the overlaid cards will automaticallytransition from one card to the next card (e.g., from CARD_0 310 toCARD_1 320) after a certain amount of time, even without receiving auser input via the interface 410 of client device 110.

FIG. 15 is an illustrative diagram 1500 depicting an example alternativeview, which is displayed after all overlaid cards have been displayed invarious embodiments. For example, alternative view 1510 is displayed onthe interface 410 of the client device 110, and displays all of themessages in the conversation without separating the message feed intomessage groups. In various embodiments, alternative view 1510 isresponsive to a user input 1520 via the interface 410, where the userinput 1520 allows the user to scroll through the entire contents of theconversation, or a certain most recent number of messages in theconversation. For example, a messaging application automatically loadsthe latest 50 messages within the alternative view 1510, and loads theprevious 50 messages when the user scrolls to the top of the messagefeed. Alternative view 1510 contains more messages than the overlaidcards displayed by the simplified viewing system, thereby requiring auser to scroll through a large number of messages in a conversation andfind the last message that the user viewed manually.

Referring now to FIG. 16, an illustrative diagram 1600 depicting anexample mechanism by which the simplified viewing system switchesdisplay from an overlaid card to the alternative view 1510 is shown. Inexample embodiments, when the last card in a series of overlaid cards(e.g., CARD_2 330) is displayed, a user input 1410 will then cause theuser device 110 to display the alternative view 1510 instead of theoverlaid cards on the interface 410 of user device 110. In variousembodiments, a set of overlaid cards, which includes all generatedoverlaid cards, are placed into a display order. The set of overlaidcards is transitioned through, in the display order, until the overlaidcard which is last in the display order is displayed. Once the lastoverlaid card has been displayed, in example embodiments, thealternative view 151 (e.g., a different arrangement of the messages) isdisplayed. In such embodiments, the simplified viewing system 160 doesnot completely replace the alternative view 1510. Instead, it simplyallows the user to preview the portions of the conversation which theuser has not yet seen, by swiping through a series of overlaid cardsdepicting the unread messages in easily readable message groups. Inorder to further increase readability using the simplified viewingsystem 160, the font size displayed is a greater point size when viewingan overlaid card (e.g., CARD_2 330) than when viewing the alternativeview 1510 in various embodiments.

FIG. 17 is a user interface diagram 1700 depicting the effect of varioususer inputs on the overlaid card. FIGS. 3 and 16 depicted user inputs1410 which allow for navigation from one overlaid card to another, orfrom the last overlaid card in the sequence to the alternative view 1510(e.g., a scrolling view depicting all messages within the conversation).In FIG. 17, a user input 1710 is depicted as interacting with theinterface 410 of client device 110, while the client device 110 isdisplaying CARD_0 310, which is an overlaid card depicting threemessages within a conversation. In response to receiving the user input1710, the simplified viewing system navigates to the alternative view1510 even if the overlaid card being displayed is not the last overlaidcard in the series. In other example embodiments, various user inputsallow the user to interact with the overlaid cards in other ways aswell. User inputs include a tapping gesture, double-tapping gesture,horizontal, vertical, or diagonal swiping gesture, a pinching gesture, azooming gesture, and multi-finger touch. Depending on the embodiment,certain user inputs can allow a user to respond directly to the messagesin the overlaid card, take a screenshot of the overlaid card, interactwith messages or users in the overlaid card, and the like. For example,a user double-taps the overlaid card and the font size of the messageson the overlaid card changes in response to the user input. In anotherexample, a user double-taps the overlaid card and an image depicting theoverlaid card is saved to the user device 110. In yet another example, a“press and hold” gesture (e.g., pressing and holding for at least athreshold time period such as one second, 30 seconds, one minute, 10minutes, or any other such threshold) saves any chat media to the clientdevice 110. In various embodiments, actions taken by the simplifiedviewing system 160 in response to user inputs are accompanied byanimations.

FIG. 18 is a user interface diagram 1800 which depicts the mediapreviewing functionality granted by the media preview module 260. Thelist of unread messages 1010, as first described in FIG. 10, containsthree messages in the example user interface diagram 1800. Each messagehas a timestamp and an associated message type. For example, messagetypes include links, text, images, videos, audio, and GPS coordinates.MESSAGE_0 1810 has the attributes TIME_0 1812 and TYPE_0 1814, whichcorrespond to a timestamp of 17:38 and a message type denoting a textmessage. MESSAGE_1 1820 has the attributes TIME_1 1822 and TYPE_1 1824,which correspond to a timestamp of 17:39 and a message type denoting alink. For example, the sending user includes text which the simplifiedviewing system 160 identifies as a URL. MESSAGE_2 1830 has theattributes TIME_2 1832 and TYPE_2 1834, which correspond to a timestampof 17:41 and a message type denoting a text message. Since MESSAGE_11820 is identified as a link, the media preview module 260 generates apreview of the linked content, and displays the preview on the overlaidcard CARD_N 1840. In various embodiments, this preview is a miniaturepreview, which is embedded into the first overlaid card containing thefirst set of messages. For example, a user sends a URL corresponding toa restaurant location on a map, found through a map application (e.g.,GOOGLE MAPS® or APPLE MAPS®), and the media preview module 260 displaysa preview of the map data in line with other messages on the interface410 of client device 110. In various embodiments, the preview generatedby the media preview module 260 is selectable and redirects the user tothe site or the application hosting the linked content. In variousembodiments, a miniature preview of the media message is generated whenthe media is accompanied by text messages having timestamps within athreshold time period of the media message's timestamp.

FIG. 19 is another user interface diagram 1900 depicting a preview ofmedia sent within a conversation. As described in FIG. 18, the list ofunread messages 1010 contains three messages in the example interfacediagram 1900. Each message has a timestamp and an associated messagetype. MESSAGE_0 1810 has the attributes TIME_0 1812 and TYPE_0 1814,which correspond to a timestamp of 17:38 and a message type denoting atext message. MESSAGE_1 1820 has the attributes TIME_1 1822 and TYPE_11824, which correspond to a timestamp of 19:04 and a message typedenoting a link, MESSAGE_2 1830 has the attributes TIME_2 1832 andTYPE_2 1834, which correspond to a timestamp of 19:04 and a message typedenoting a link. Unlike in FIG. 18 where the media preview module 260generates a preview of the linked content for display in line with othermessages, media preview module 260 generates an expanded media cardpredominantly displaying the linked media in FIG. 19. For example, mediapreview module 260 generates EXPANDED_CARD_1 1910 depicting an enlargedview of map data for a restaurant, the restaurant name, and therestaurant address displayed on the interface 410 of client device 110.In various embodiments, the EXPANDED_CARD_1 1910 is a selectable linkleading to the previewed content. The aggregation module 230 containslogic to determine whether the media preview should be displayed on anenlarged card predominantly featuring the media content, or whether thepreview should be displayed in line with other messages within anoverlaid card. In some embodiments, the media preview is displayed onits own if the messages with timestamps before and after the mediapreview are from senders other than the user sending the media message.In other embodiments, the media preview is displayed on its own if thereare no messages received within a threshold amount of time (e.g., whenthe difference in timestamp of the media message is at least 1 minutefrom all other messages in the conversation). In some embodiments, themedia preview is always embedded along with other messages, while insome embodiments the media preview is always displayed in an enlargedcard such as EXPANDED_CARD_1 1910.

Referring now to FIG. 20, an example user interface diagram 2000 depictsthe capability to display images within the simplified viewing system160. A list of unread messages 1010 contains an image message: MESSAGE_X2010, which has an associated message timestamp TIME_1 2012 of 17:39 andan associated message type TYPE_1 2014 denoting that the message is animage. For example, MESSAGE_X 2010 is an image generated from within theSNAPCHAT® application, and can be edited with various image filters,text overlays, and geotags. Upon determining that MESSAGE_X 2010 is animage, the arrangement module 240 generates a fullscreen depiction ofthe image EMBEDDED_CARD_1 2020 to display on interface 410 of clientdevice 110. For instance, the fullscreen depiction of the image isplaced into the series of overlaid cards based on the timestamp TIME_12012 of the image compared to the timestamp of messages within theoverlaid cards. In various embodiments, all messages which are imagemessages (e.g., with TYPE_1=IMAGE 2014) are displayed as fullscreencards before all other overlaid cards, or after all other overlaid cardsare displayed. In yet other embodiments, image messages are embedded inoverlaid cards along with other messages. Some embodiments of anoverlaid card as referred to herein refer both to an overlaid cardrepresentation output on a display of a device, and to the datastructures in memory of a device that are generated using instructionsprocessed by processor implemented modules to generate and process thedata in the data structures and to output the information for theoverlaid card to an output display.

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules can constitute eithersoftware modules (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium or ina transmission signal) or hardware modules. A “hardware module” is atangible unit capable of performing certain operations and can beconfigured or arranged in a certain physical manner. In various exampleembodiments, one or more computer systems (e.g., a standalone computersystem, a client computer system, or a server computer system) or one ormore hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a groupof processors) is configured by software (e.g., an application orapplication portion) as a hardware module that operates to performcertain operations as described herein.

In some embodiments, a hardware module can be implemented mechanically,electronically, or any suitable combination thereof. For example, ahardware module can include dedicated circuitry or logic that ispermanently configured to perform certain operations. For example, ahardware module can be a special-purpose processor, such as aField-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application SpecificIntegrated Circuit (ASIC). A hardware module may also includeprogrammable logic or circuitry that is temporarily configured bysoftware to perform certain operations. For example, a hardware modulecan include software executed by a general-purpose processor or otherprogrammable processor. Once configured by such software, hardwaremodules become specific machines (or specific components of a machine)uniquely tailored to perform the configured functions and are no longergeneral-purpose processors. It will be appreciated that the decision toimplement a hardware module mechanically, in dedicated and permanentlyconfigured circuitry, or in temporarily configured circuitry (e.g.,configured by software) can be driven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the phrase “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physicallyconstructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarilyconfigured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner or toperform certain operations described herein. As used herein,“hardware-implemented module” refers to a hardware module. Consideringembodiments in which hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g.,programmed), each of the hardware modules need not be configured orinstantiated at any one instance in time. For example, where a hardwaremodule comprises a general-purpose processor configured by software tobecome a special-purpose processor, the general-purpose processor may beconfigured as respectively different special-purpose processors (e.g.,comprising different hardware modules) at different times. Software canaccordingly configure a particular processor or processors, for example,to constitute a particular hardware module at one instance of time andto constitute a different hardware module at a different instance oftime.

Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules can be regarded as being communicatively coupled. For example,the data module 210 as described in FIG. 2 is communicatively coupled tothe presentation module 250. Where multiple hardware modules existcontemporaneously, communications can be achieved through signaltransmission (e.g., over appropriate circuits and buses) between oramong two or more of the hardware modules. In embodiments in whichmultiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at differenttimes, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, forexample, through the storage and retrieval of information in memorystructures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. Forexample, one hardware module performs an operation and stores the outputof that operation in a memory device to which it is communicativelycoupled. A further hardware module can then, at a later time, access thememory device to retrieve and process the stored output. Hardwaremodules can also initiate communications with input or output devices,and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection of information).

The various operations of example methods described herein can beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions describedherein. As used herein, “processor-implemented module” refers to ahardware module implemented using one or more processors.

Similarly, the methods described herein can be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented, with a particular processor or processors beingan example of hardware. For example, at least some of the operations ofa method can be performed by one or more processors orprocessor-implemented modules. Moreover, the one or more processors mayalso operate to support performance of the relevant operations in a“cloud computing” environment or as a “software as a service” (SaaS).For example, at least some of the operations may be performed by a groupof computers (as examples of machines including processors), with theseoperations being accessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and viaone or more appropriate interfaces (e.g., an API).

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed amongthe processors, not only residing within a single machine, but deployedacross a number of machines. In some example embodiments, the processorsor processor-implemented modules are located in a single geographiclocation (e.g., within a home environment, an office environment, or aserver farm). In other example embodiments, the processors orprocessor-implemented modules are distributed across a number ofgeographic locations. For example, the presentation module 250 islocated within a client device while the data module 220 is locatedwithin a server farm in some embodiments.

The modules, methods, applications and so forth described in conjunctionwith FIGS. 1-22 are implemented in some embodiments in the context of amachine and an associated software architecture. The sections belowdescribe representative software architecture and machine (e.g.,hardware) architecture that are suitable for use with the disclosedembodiments.

Software architectures are used in conjunction with hardwarearchitectures to create devices and machines tailored to particularpurposes. For example, a particular hardware architecture coupled with aparticular software architecture will create a mobile device, such as amobile phone, tablet device, and the like. A slightly different hardwareand software architecture may yield a smart device for use in the“internet of things.” Yet another combination produces a server computerfor use within a cloud computing architecture. Not all combinations ofsuch software and hardware architectures are presented here as those ofskill in the art can readily understand how to implement the inventivesubject matter in different contexts from the disclosure containedherein.

FIG. 21 is a block diagram 2100 illustrating an architecture of software2102, which can be installed on any one or more of the devices describedabove. FIG. 21 is merely a non-limiting example of a softwarearchitecture, and it will be appreciated that many other architecturescan be implemented to facilitate the functionality described herein. Invarious embodiments, the software 2102 is implemented by hardware suchas a machine 2200 of FIG. 22 that includes processors 2210, memory 2230,and I/O components 2250. In this example architecture, the software 2102can be conceptualized as a stack of layers where each layer may providea particular functionality. For example, the software 2102 includeslayers such as an operating system 2104, libraries 2106, frameworks2108, and applications 2110. Operationally, the applications 2110 invokeAPI calls 2112 through the software stack and receive messages 2114 inresponse to the API calls 2112, consistent with some embodiments.

In various implementations, the operating system 2104 manages hardwareresources and provides common services. The operating system 2104includes, for example, a kernel 2120, services 2122, and drivers 2124.The kernel 2120 acts as an abstraction layer between the hardware andthe other software layers consistent with some embodiments. For example,the kernel 2120 provides memory management, processor management (e.g.,scheduling), component management, networking, and security settings,among other functionality. The services 2122 can provide other commonservices for the other software layers. The drivers 2124 are responsiblefor controlling or interfacing with the underlying hardware, accordingto some embodiments. For instance, the drivers 2124 can include displaydrivers, camera drivers, BLUETOOTH® drivers, flash memory drivers,serial communication drivers (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) drivers),WI-FI® drivers, audio drivers, power management drivers, and so forth.

In some embodiments, the libraries 2106 provide a low-level commoninfrastructure utilized by the applications 2110. The libraries 2106 caninclude system libraries 2130 (e.g., C standard library) that canprovide functions such as memory allocation functions, stringmanipulation functions, mathematic functions, and the like. In addition,the libraries 2106 can include API libraries 2132 such as medialibraries (e.g., libraries to support presentation and manipulation ofvarious media formats such as Moving Picture Experts Group-4 (MPEG4),Advanced Video Coding (H.264 or AVC), Moving Picture Experts GroupLayer-3 (MP3), Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR)audio codec, Joint Photographic Experts Group (PEG or JPG), or PortableNetwork Graphics (PNG)), graphics libraries (e.g., an OpenGL frameworkused to render in two dimensions (2D) and three dimensions (3D) in agraphic context on a display), database libraries (e.g., SQLite toprovide various relational database functions), web libraries (e.g.,WebKit to provide web browsing functionality), and the like. Thelibraries 2106 can also include a wide variety of other libraries 2134to provide many other APIs to the applications 2110.

The frameworks 2108 provide a high-level common infrastructure that canbe utilized by the applications 2110, according to some embodiments. Forexample, the frameworks 2108 provide various graphic user interface(GUI) functions, high-level resource management, high-level locationservices, and so forth. The frameworks 2108 can provide a broad spectrumof other APIs that can be utilized by the applications 2110, some ofwhich may be specific to a particular operating system or platform.

In an example embodiment, the applications 2110 include a homeapplication 2150, a contacts application 2152, a browser application2154, a book reader application 2156, a location application 2158, amedia application 2160, a messaging application 2162, a game application2164, and a broad assortment of other applications such as a third partyapplication 2166. According to some embodiments, the applications 2110are programs that execute functions defined in the programs. Variousprogramming languages can be employed to create one or more of theapplications 2110, structured in a variety of manners, such asobject-oriented programming languages (e.g., Objective-C, Java, or C++)or procedural programming languages (e.g., C or assembly language). In aspecific example, the third party application 2166 (e.g., an applicationdeveloped using the ANDROID™ or IOS™ software development kit (SDK) byan entity other than the vendor of the particular platform) may bemobile software running on a mobile operating system such as IOS™,ANDROID™, WINDOWS® PHONE, or another mobile operating system. In thisexample, the third party application 2166 can invoke the API calls 2112provided by the operating system 2104 to facilitate functionalitydescribed herein.

FIG. 22 is a block diagram illustrating components of a machine 2200,according to some embodiments, able to read instructions from amachine-readable medium (e.g., a machine-readable storage medium) andperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein.Specifically, FIG. 22 shows a diagrammatic representation of the machine2200 in the example form of a computer system, within which instructions2216 (e.g., software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, orother executable code) for causing the machine 2200 to perform any oneor more of the methodologies discussed herein can be executed. Inalternative embodiments, the machine 2200 operates as a standalonedevice or can be coupled (e.g., networked) to other machines. In anetworked deployment, the machine 2200 may operate in the capacity of aserver machine or a client machine in a server-client networkenvironment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed)network environment. The machine 2200 can comprise, but not be limitedto, a server computer, a client computer, a PC, a tablet computer, alaptop computer, a netbook, a set-top box (STB), a PDA, an entertainmentmedia system, a cellular telephone, a smart phone, a mobile device, awearable device (e.g., a smart watch), a smart home device (e.g., asmart appliance), other smart devices, a web appliance, a networkrouter, a network switch, a network bridge, or any machine capable ofexecuting the instructions 2216, sequentially or otherwise, that specifyactions to be taken by the machine 2200. Further, while only a singlemachine 2200 is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken toinclude a collection of machines 2200 that individually or jointlyexecute the instructions 2216 to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

In various embodiments, the machine 2200 comprises processors 2210,memory 2230, and I/O components 2250, which can be configured tocommunicate with each other via a bus 2202. In an example embodiment,the processors 2210 (e.g., a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a ReducedInstruction Set Computing (RISC) processor, a Complex Instruction SetComputing (CISC) processor, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), an ASIC, a Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit(RFIC), another processor, or any suitable combination thereof) include,for example, a processor 2212 and a processor 2214 that may execute theinstructions 2216. The term “processor” is intended to includemulti-core processors that may comprise two or more independentprocessors (also referred to as “cores”) that can execute instructionscontemporaneously. Although FIG. 22 shows multiple processors, themachine 2200 may include a single processor with a single core, a singleprocessor with multiple cores (e.g., a multi-core processor), multipleprocessors with a single core, multiple processors with multiples cores,or any combination thereof.

The memory 2230 comprises a main memory 2232, a static memory 2234, anda storage unit 2236 accessible to the processors 2210 via the bus 2202,according to some embodiments. The storage unit 2236 can include amachine-readable medium 2238 on which are stored the instructions 2216embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions describedherein. The instructions 2216 can also reside, completely or at leastpartially, within the main memory 2232, within the static memory 2234,within at least one of the processors 2210 (e.g., within the processor'scache memory), or any suitable combination thereof, during executionthereof by the machine 2200. Accordingly, in various embodiments, themain memory 2232, the static memory 2234, and the processors 2210 areconsidered machine-readable media 2238.

As used herein, the term “memory” refers to a machine-readable medium2238 able to store data temporarily or permanently and may be taken toinclude, but not be limited to, random-access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), buffer memory, flash memory, and cache memory. While themachine-readable medium 2238 is shown in an example embodiment to be asingle medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be taken toinclude a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized ordistributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to storethe instructions 2216. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also betaken to include any medium, or combination of multiple media, that iscapable of storing instructions (e.g., instructions 2216) for executionby a machine (e.g., machine 2200), such that the instructions, whenexecuted by one or more processors of the machine 2200 (e.g., processors2210), cause the machine 2200 to perform any one or more of themethodologies described herein. Accordingly, a “machine-readable medium”refers to a single storage apparatus or device, as well as “cloud-based”storage systems or storage networks that include multiple storageapparatus or devices. The term “machine-readable medium” shallaccordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, one or more datarepositories in the form of a solid-state memory (e.g., flash memory),an optical medium, a magnetic medium, other non-volatile memory (e.g.,Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM)), or any suitablecombination thereof. The term “machine-readable medium” specificallyexcludes non-statutory signals per se.

The I/O components 2250 include a wide variety of components to receiveinput, provide output, produce output, transmit information, exchangeinformation, capture measurements, and so on. In general, it will beappreciated that the I/O components 2250 can include many othercomponents that are not shown in FIG. 22. The I/O components 2250 aregrouped according to functionality merely for simplifying the followingdiscussion, and the grouping is in no way limiting. In various exampleembodiments, the I/O components 2250 include output components 2252 andinput components 2254. The output components 2252 include visualcomponents (e.g., a display such as a plasma display panel (PDP), alight emitting diode (LED) display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), aprojector, or a cathode ray tube (CRT)), acoustic components (e.g.,speakers), haptic components (e.g., a vibratory motor), other signalgenerators, and so forth. The input components 2254 include alphanumericinput components (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen configured to receivealphanumeric input, a photo-optical keyboard, or other alphanumericinput components), point based input components (e.g., a mouse, atouchpad, a trackball, a joystick, a motion sensor, or other pointinginstruments), tactile input components (e.g., a physical button, a touchscreen that provides location and force of touches or touch gestures, orother tactile input components), audio input components (e.g., amicrophone), and the like.

In some further example embodiments, the I/O components 2250 includebiometric components 2256, motion components 2258, environmentalcomponents 2260, or position components 2262, among a wide array ofother components. For example, the biometric components 2256 includecomponents to detect expressions (e.g., hand expressions, facialexpressions, vocal expressions, body gestures, or eye tracking), measurebiosignals (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature,perspiration, or brain waves), identify a person (e.g., voiceidentification, retinal identification, facial identification,fingerprint identification, or electroencephalogram basedidentification), and the like. The motion components 2258 includeacceleration sensor components (e.g., an accelerometer), gravitationsensor components, rotation sensor components (e.g., a gyroscope), andso forth. The environmental components 2260 include, for example,illumination sensor components (e.g., a photometer), temperature sensorcomponents (e.g., one or more thermometers that detect ambienttemperature), humidity sensor components, pressure sensor components(e.g., a barometer), acoustic sensor components (e.g., one or moremicrophones that detect background noise), proximity sensor components(e.g., infrared sensors that detect nearby objects), gas sensorcomponents (e.g., machine olfaction detection sensors, gas detectionsensors to detect concentrations of hazardous gases for safety or tomeasure pollutants in the atmosphere), or other components that mayprovide indications, measurements, or signals corresponding to asurrounding physical environment. The position components 2262 includelocation sensor components (e.g., a GPS receiver component), altitudesensor components (e.g., altimeters or barometers that detect airpressure from which altitude may be derived), orientation sensorcomponents (e.g., magnetometers), and the like.

Communication can be implemented using a wide variety of technologies.The I/O components 2250 may include communication components 2264operable to couple the machine 2200 to a network 2280 or devices 2270via a coupling 2282 and a coupling 2272, respectively. For example, thecommunication components 2264 include a network interface component oranother suitable device to interface with the network 2280. In furtherexamples, communication components 2264 include wired communicationcomponents, wireless communication components, cellular communicationcomponents, Near Field Communication (NFC) components, BLUETOOTH®components (e.g., BLUETOOTH® Low Energy), WI-FI® components, and othercommunication components to provide communication via other modalities.The devices 2270 may be another machine or any of a wide variety ofperipheral devices (e.g., a peripheral device coupled via a USB).

Moreover, in some embodiments, the communication components 2264 detectidentifiers or include components operable to detect identifiers. Forexample, the communication components 2264 include Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) tag reader components, NFC smart tag detectioncomponents, optical reader components (e.g., an optical sensor to detectone-dimensional bar codes such as a Universal Product Code (UPC) barcode, multi-dimensional bar codes such as a Quick Response (QR) code,Aztec Code, Data Matrix, Dataglyph, MaxiCode, PDF417, Ultra Code,Uniform Commercial Code Reduced Space Symbology (UCC RSS)-2D bar codes,and other optical codes), acoustic detection components (e.g.,microphones to identify tagged audio signals), or any suitablecombination thereof. In addition, a variety of information can bederived via the communication components 2264, such as location viaInternet Protocol (IP) geo-location, location via WI-FI® signaltriangulation, location via detecting a BLUETOOTH® or NFC beacon signalthat may indicate a particular location, and so forth.

In various example embodiments, one or more portions of the network 2280can be an ad hoc network, an intranet, an extranet, a virtual privatenetwork (VPN), a local area network (LAN), a wireless LAN (WLAN), a widearea network (WAN), a wireless WAN (WWAN), a metropolitan area network(MAN), the Internet, a portion of the Internet, a portion of the PublicSwitched Telephone Network (PSTN), a plain old telephone service (POTS)network, a cellular telephone network, a wireless network, a WI-FI®network, another type of network, or a combination of two or more suchnetworks. For example, the network 2280 or a portion of the network 2280may include a wireless or cellular network, and the coupling 2282 may bea Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) connection, a Global System forMobile communications (GSM) connection, or another type of cellular orwireless coupling. In this example, the coupling 2282 can implement anyof a variety of types of data transfer technology, such as SingleCarrier Radio Transmission Technology (1×RTT), Evolution-Data Optimized(EVDO) technology, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) technology,Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) technology, thirdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) including 3G, fourth generationwireless (4G) networks, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Worldwide Interoperability forMicrowave Access (WiMAX), Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard, othersdefined by various standard-setting organizations, other long rangeprotocols, or other data transfer technology.

In example embodiments, the instructions 2216 are transmitted orreceived over the network 2280 using a transmission medium via a networkinterface device (e.g., a network interface component included in thecommunication components 2264) and utilizing any one of a number ofwell-known transfer protocols (e.g., HTTP). Similarly, in other exampleembodiments, the instructions 2216 are transmitted or received using atransmission medium via the coupling 2272 (e.g., a peer-to-peercoupling) to the devices 2270. The term “transmission medium” shall betaken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing,encoding, or carrying the instructions 2216 for execution by the machine2200, and includes digital or analog communications signals or otherintangible media to facilitate communication of such software.

Furthermore, the machine-readable medium 2238 is non-transitory (inother words, not having any transitory signals) in that it does notembody a propagating signal. However, labeling the machine-readablemedium 2238 “non-transitory” should not be construed to mean that themedium is incapable of movement; the medium should be considered asbeing transportable from one physical location to another. Additionally,since the machine-readable medium 2238 is tangible, the medium may beconsidered to be a machine-readable device.

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures andfunctionality presented as separate components in example configurationsmay be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly,structures and functionality presented as a single component may beimplemented as separate components. These and other variations,modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of thesubject matter herein.

Although an overview of the inventive subject matter has been describedwith reference to specific example embodiments, various modificationsand changes may be made to these embodiments without departing from thebroader scope of embodiments of the present disclosure. Such embodimentsof the inventive subject matter may be referred to herein, individuallyor collectively, by the term “invention” merely for convenience andwithout intending to voluntarily limit the scope of this application toany single disclosure or inventive concept if more than one is, in fact,disclosed.

The embodiments illustrated herein are described in sufficient detail toenable those skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed.Other embodiments may be used and derived therefrom, such thatstructural and logical substitutions and changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. The Detailed Description,therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope ofvarious embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along withthe full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

As used herein, the term “or” may be construed in either an inclusive orexclusive sense. Moreover, plural instances may be provided forresources, operations, or structures described herein as a singleinstance. Additionally, boundaries between various resources,operations, modules, engines, and data stores are somewhat arbitrary,and particular operations are illustrated in a context of specificillustrative configurations. Other allocations of functionality areenvisioned and may fall within a scope of various embodiments of thepresent disclosure. In general, structures and functionality presentedas separate resources in the example configurations may be implementedas a combined structure or resource. Similarly, structures andfunctionality presented as a single resource may be implemented asseparate resources. These and other variations, modifications,additions, and improvements fall within a scope of embodiments of thepresent disclosure as represented by the appended claims. Thespecification and drawings are, accordingly, to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method comprising: receiving, at a clientdevice, a plurality of messages within a conversation, wherein theconversation is accessible by a plurality of client devices; receiving anew message in the conversation comprising a link to content; inresponse to determining that the new message includes a link to thecontent: automatically accessing the content associated with the link;generating a preview of the automatically accessed content associatedwith the link, wherein generating the preview comprises generating aminiature preview of the automatically accessed content; and displaying,at the client device, the preview of the content in line with theplurality of messages, wherein the preview that is displayed comprisesthe miniature preview of the automatically accessed content, and whereinthe miniature preview is displayed between the plurality of messages;receiving a user selection of the preview of the content that isdisplayed in line with the plurality of messages; and redirecting theuser of the client device to a site or application hosting the contentassociated with the link.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the contentcomprises a map, an article or a movie review, and wherein the previewof the content is displayed separately from the new message that hasbeen received.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the link comprises aUniversal Resource Locator (URL), wherein automatically accessing thecontent comprises automatically retrieving the content from the URL. 4.The method of claim 1, further comprising dividing the plurality ofmessages into a set of overlaid cards.
 5. The method of claim 4, whereina first overlaid card in the set of overlaid cards comprises a first setof the plurality of messages associated with a first keyword, andwherein a second overlaid card in the set of overlaid cards comprises asecond set of the plurality of messages associated with a second keywordunrelated to the first keyword.
 6. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising automatically transitioning display of a first overlaid cardcomprising a first set of the plurality of messages to display of asecond overlaid card comprising a second set of the plurality ofmessages after a threshold amount of time.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the preview of the content is presented on a different overlaidcard than a subset of the plurality of messages.
 8. The method of claim1, further comprising: displaying an overlaid card comprising a fullscreen preview of the content associated with the link; receiving a userinput that presses and holds the overlaid card; and in response toreceiving the input, saving the overlaid card as an image in an imagegallery on the client device.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein thepreview of the content comprises a beginning of a paragraph of thecontent associated with the link.
 10. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: receiving a gesture comprising a swipe upwards on the clientdevice; and in response to receiving the gesture, initiating a privatechat between a user of the client device and a sender of the new messagethat included the link to the content.
 11. The method of claim 1,further comprising: generating a first overlaid card by arranging afirst message of the plurality of messages on the first overlaid card;and generating a second overlaid card by arranging a second message ofthe plurality of messages on the second overlaid card.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, further comprising: receiving an image within theconversation; displaying the first and second overlaid cards withmessages received earlier than the image; and displaying the image in afull screen view after the display of the first and second overlaidcards.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of messages isgrouped such that passage of a predetermined threshold amount of timebetween sending of two messages causes the two messages to be displayedon different overlaid cards.
 14. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: detecting a media message sent by a user, wherein the mediais accompanied by text messages which have timestamps within a thresholdtime period of the media message; embedding a miniature preview of themedia message into a first overlaid card; and displaying the miniaturepreview of the media message on the first overlaid card in line withtext messages displayed on the first overlaid card.
 15. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: detecting a media message sent by a user,wherein the media is not accompanied by text messages which havetimestamps within a threshold time period of the media message;embedding an enlarged preview of the media message into a full screenmedia card; and displaying the full screen media card separately fromfirst and second overlaid cards.
 16. A non-transitory machine-readablemedium storing instructions that, when executed by at least oneprocessor of a machine, cause the machine to perform operationscomprising: receiving, at a client device, a plurality of messageswithin a conversation, wherein the conversation is accessible by aplurality of client devices; receiving a new message in the conversationcomprising a link to content; in response to determining that the newmessage includes a link to the content: automatically accessing thecontent associated with the link; generating a preview of theautomatically accessed content associated with the link, whereingenerating the preview comprises generating a miniature preview of theautomatically accessed content; and displaying, at the client device,the preview of the content in line with the plurality of messages,wherein the preview that is displayed comprises the miniature preview ofthe automatically accessed content, and wherein the miniature preview isdisplayed between the plurality of messages; receiving a user selectionof the preview of the content that is displayed in line with theplurality of messages; and redirecting the user of the client device toa site or application hosting the content associated with the link. 17.The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a user input of apress-and-hold gesture performed with respect to the preview of thecontent; and in response to receiving the input, saving the preview ofthe content on the client device.
 18. A system, comprising: one or morehardware processors; an electronic memory, electronically coupled to theone or more hardware processors, and storing instructions that whenexecuted by the one or more hardware processors, configure the one ormore hardware processors to perform operations comprising: receiving, ata client device, a plurality of messages within a conversation, whereinthe conversation is accessible by a plurality of client devices;receiving a new message in the conversation comprising a link tocontent, in response to determining that the new message includes a linkto the content: automatically accessing the content associated with thelink; generating a preview of the automatically accessed contentassociated with the link, wherein generating the preview comprisesgenerating a miniature preview of the automatically accessed content;and displaying, at the client device, the preview of the content in linewith the plurality of messages, wherein the preview that is displayedcomprises the miniature preview of the automatically accessed content,and wherein the miniature preview is displayed between the plurality ofmessages; receiving a user selection of the preview of the content thatis displayed in line with the plurality of messages; and redirecting theuser of the client device to a site or application hosting the contentassociated with the link.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein theoperations further comprise: receiving a user input of a press-and-holdgesture performed with respect to the preview of the content; and inresponse to receiving the input, saving the preview of the content onthe client device.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the contentcomprises a map, an article or a movie review.